Ma polyurethane elastomers imhando yakakosha yezvinhu zvepolymer zvinoshanda zvakanyanya. Nehunhu hwazvo hwakasiyana hwemuviri nemakemikari uye kushanda kwadzo kwakazara, zvine chinzvimbo chakakosha muindasitiri yemazuva ano. Zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakawanda yekugadzira yepamusoro-soro, senge ndege, mota dzemhando yepamusoro, michina chaiyo, michina yemagetsi nemidziyo yekurapa, nekuda kwekupfava kwazvo, kuramba kupfeka, kuramba ngura uye kuchinjika kwekugadzirisa. Nekufambira mberi kwesainzi netekinoroji uye kuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchiitwa kwezvinhu muindasitiri yekugadzira, dhizaini yepamusoro-soro ye polyurethane elastomers yave chinhu chakakosha mukusimudzira kukosha kwayo. Muindasitiri yekugadzira yepamusoro-soro, zvinodiwa pakushanda kwezvinhu zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera kuomarara. Sezvinhu zvinoshanda zvakanyanya, dhizaini nekushandiswa kwe polyurethane elastomers kunofanirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi. Kushandiswa kwe polyurethane elastomers mukugadzira kwepamusoro-soro kunosanganawo nematambudziko mazhinji, kusanganisira kudzora mutengo, kushandisa tekinoroji uye kugamuchirwa kwemusika. Zvisinei, nezvakanaka zvayo pakushanda, polyurethane elastomers yakaita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza mashandiro uye kukwikwidzana kwezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira. Kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwakadzama pamusoro penzvimbo idzi dzekushandisa, zvinogona kupa rutsigiro rwakasimba rwekuvandudza dhizaini yezvinhu uye kuwedzera mashandisirwo.

 

Dhizaini yepamusoro ye polyurethane elastomers

 

Kuumbwa kwezvinhu uye zvinodiwa pakushanda

Ma polyurethane elastomers imhando yezvinhu zve polymer zvine mashandiro akanaka kwazvo. Anonyanya kuumbwa nezvinhu zviviri zvikuru: polyether ne isocyanate. Kusarudzwa uye huwandu hwezvinhu izvi zvine simba guru pakushanda kwechinhu chekupedzisira. Polyether inowanzova chikamu chikuru chakapfava che polyurethane elastomers. Maumbirwo ayo emamorekuru ane mapoka e polyol, ayo anogona kupa kusimba kwakanaka uye kuchinjika. Isocyanate, sechikamu chikuru chechikamu chakaoma, ine basa rekuita ne polyether kugadzira cheni dze polyurethane, zvichiwedzera simba uye kuramba kupfeka kwezvinhu. Mhando dzakasiyana dze polyether ne isocyanate dzine hunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwemakemikari uye hunyanzvi hwepanyama. Naizvozvo, mukugadzirwa kwe polyurethane elastomers, zvakakosha kusarudza nekuyera zvikamu izvi zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa kuti uwane zviratidzo zvekushanda zvinodiwa. Panyaya yezvinodiwa zvekushanda, polyurethane elastomers dzinofanirwa kuva nehunhu hwakawanda hwakakosha: kuramba kupfeka, kusimba, kudzivirira kukwegura, nezvimwewo. Kuramba kupfeka zvinoreva kushanda kwenguva refu kwezvinhu pasi pemamiriro ekukweshana uye kupfeka. Kunyanya kana ikashandiswa munzvimbo dzinopfekwa zvakanyanya, dzakadai semasisitimu emota dzinomiswa uye michina yemaindasitiri, kuramba kupfeka zvakanaka kunogona kuwedzera hupenyu hwechigadzirwa. Kupfava chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zve polyurethane elastomers. Izvi zvinosarudza kana chinhu ichi chichigona kudzokera kuchimiro chacho chepakutanga panguva yekuchinja uye kupora. Chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvisimbiso uye zvinonyungudutsa shock. Kurwisa kukwegura zvinoreva kugona kwechigadzirwa ichi kuchengetedza kushanda kwacho mushure mekushandiswa kwenguva refu kana kusangana nenzvimbo dzakaoma (senge mwaranzi ye ultraviolet, hunyoro, shanduko yekupisa, nezvimwewo), zvichiita kuti chinhu ichi chirambe chichishanda zvakanaka mukushandiswa kwacho.

 

Maitiro Ekuvandudza Magadzirirwo

Dhizaini yepamusoro ye polyurethane elastomers inzira yakaoma uye ine hungwaru inoda kufungwa kwakazara kwemaitiro akawanda ekuvandudza dhizaini. Kugadzirisa chimiro chemamorekuru idanho guru mukuvandudza mashandiro echinhu. Nekugadzirisa chimiro chemolecular che polyurethane, sekuwedzera mwero wekubatanidza, simba remakanika uye kuramba kupfeka kwezvinhu zvinogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya. Kuwedzera kwemwero wekubatanidza kunobvumira chimiro chenetwork chakasimba kuti chiumbwe pakati pemamorekuru chechinhu, nokudaro zvichiwedzera simba rayo rose uye kugara kwenguva refu. Semuenzaniso, nekushandisa polyisocyanate reactants kana kuisa ma crosslinking agents, mwero wekubatanidza unogona kuwedzerwa zvinobudirira uye mashandiro echinhu anogona kugadziriswa. Kugadziriswa kwechikamu chezvikamu kwakakoshawo. Chiyero chepolyether neisocyanate chinokanganisa zvakananga kusimba, kuomarara uye kuramba kupfeka kwezvinhu. Kazhinji, kuwedzera chikamu cheisocyanate kunogona kuwedzera kuomarara uye kuramba kupfeka kwezvinhu, asi kunogona kuderedza kusimba kwazvo. Saka, zvakakosha kugadzirisa nemazvo chiyero chezviviri zvichienderana nezvinodiwa chaizvo zvekushandisa kuti uwane chiyero chakanakisa chekushanda. Pamusoro pekugadziriswa kwechimiro chemamorekuru uye chiyero chezvikamu, kushandiswa kwezvinowedzera uye zvinosimbisa zvine simba guru pakushanda kwezvinhu. Zvinhu zveNanomaterials, zvakaita se nano-silicon uye nano-carbon, zvinogona kuvandudza kushanda kwakakwana kwe polyurethane elastomers. Zvinhu zveNanomaterials zvinovandudza hunhu hwemakanika uye kuramba zvakatipoteredza kwezvinhu nekuwedzera simba razvo, kuramba kupfeka uye kuramba kukwegura.

 

 

Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzirira

Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzirira ndeimwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekuvandudza mashandiro e polyurethane elastomers. Kufambira mberi mu polymer synthesis tekinoroji kwakabatsira zvikuru pakugadzirira polyurethane elastomers. Nzira dzemazuva ano dze polymer synthesis, dzakadai se reaction injection molding (RIM) uye high-pressure polymerization technology, dzinogona kuwana kutonga kwakanyatsojeka panguva yekugadzira, nokudaro zvichivandudza chimiro chemamorekuru uye mashandiro echinhu chacho. Reaction injection molding tekinoroji inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwekugadzira uye kuwana kufanana kwezvinhu zviri nani uye kugadzikana panguva yekugadzira nekusanganisa polyether nekukurumidza pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye kuzvipinza mu mold. High-pressure polymerization tekinoroji inogona kuvandudza huwandu uye simba rechinhu uye kuvandudza kusakara kwayo uye kuramba kukwegura nekuita polymerization reactions pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Kuvandudzwa kwe molding uye processing technology chinhu chakakosha mukuvandudza mashandiro e polyurethane elastomers. Maitiro echinyakare e hot press molding akatsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma ne injection molding uye extrusion molding technology yepamusoro. Aya maitiro matsva haangogone chete kuvandudza kushanda kwekugadzira, asiwo kuwana kutonga kwakanyatsojeka panguva yekugadzira kuti ave nechokwadi chemhando uye mashandiro echinhu chacho. Tekinoroji yekuumba nejekiseni inogona kugadzira maumbirwo akaomarara uye kuderedza marara ezvinhu nekupisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nepolyurethane kusvika zvanyunguduka uye kuzvipinza muchiumbwa. Tekinoroji yekuumba nejekiseni inodziya uye inomanikidza zvinhu zvepolyurethane kubuda muchinhu chinobuda, zvichiita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvichibuda kana kuti machubhu kuburikidza nekutonhodza nekusimba. Yakakodzera kugadzirwa kukuru uye kugadziriswa kwakagadzirirwa iwe.

 

Kushandiswa kwe polyurethane elastomers mukugadzira zvinhu zvepamusoro-soro

 

Muchadenga

Munzvimbo yezvemuchadenga, ma polyurethane elastomers anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvakakosha zvakawanda, zvakaita sezvisimbiso nema shock absorbers, nekuda kwekushanda kwawo kwakanaka. Indasitiri yemuchadenga ine zvinodiwa zvakanyanya pakushanda kwezvinhu, izvo zvinonyanya kusanganisira kuramba kupisa kwakanyanya, kuramba kuneta, kuramba ngura yemakemikari, kuramba kupfeka, nezvimwewo. Kushanda kwepamusoro kwe polyurethane elastomers muzvinhu izvi kunoita kuti ive imwe yezvinhu zvakakosha mumunda wemuchadenga. Tora seal semuenzaniso. Munzira yemafuta emota dzemuchadenga, zvisimbiso zvinofanirwa kuchengetedza kuvharwa kwakanaka pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye mamiriro ekumanikidzwa. Sisitimu yemafuta emota dzemuchadenga inowanzo sangana nekupisa kwakanyanya, kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye ngura. Naizvozvo, zvisimbiso hazvifanirwe kungoramba chete kupisa kwakanyanya, asiwo ngura yemakemikari. Ma polyurethane elastomers, kunyanya ma polyurethane anoshanda zvakanyanya akaporeswa pakupisa kwakanyanya, ane kuramba kupisa kwakanyanya uye anogona kutsungirira nzvimbo dzekushanda dziri pamusoro pe300°C. Panguva imwe chete, kusimba kwakanyanya kwe polyurethane elastomers kunoita kuti vakwanise kuzadza nzvimbo dzisina kurongeka uye kuona kugadzikana uye kuvimbika kwezvisimbiso mukushandiswa kwenguva refu. Semuenzaniso, zvisimbiso zvinoshandiswa muNASA's space shuttles ne space stations zvinoshandisa polyurethane elastomers, izvo zvinoratidza kushanda zvakanaka kwe sealing uye kugara kwenguva refu munzvimbo dzakaoma. Chimwezve i shock absorbers. Mu aerospace, shock absorbers dzinoshandiswa kuderedza simba re structural vibration uye shock pazvikamu zvakakosha. Polyurethane elastomers dzinoita basa rakakosha mukushandiswa kwadzo. Kutapira kwadzo kwakanaka uye kugona kwadzo kupinza simba zvinodzibvumira kuti dzikwanise kudzivirira vibration uye shock zvinobudirira, nokudaro dzichidzivirira chimiro nemidziyo yemagetsi ye aerospace.

 

 Indasitiri yemotokari yepamusoro-soro

Muindasitiri yemotokari dzemhando yepamusoro, kushandiswa kwe polyurethane elastomers kwave chinhu chakakosha mukuvandudza mashandiro emotokari uye kunyaradzwa kwayo. Nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakazara, polyurethane elastomers inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvakakosha zvemotokari, kusanganisira masisitimu ekunyudza shock, zvisimbiso, zvikamu zvemukati, nezvimwewo. Tichifunga nezve shock absorbers mu suspension system yemotokari dzemhando yepamusoro semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwe polyurethane elastomers kwakavandudza zvakanyanya kunyaradzwa kwekutyaira uye kugadzikana kwekubata kwemotokari. Mu suspension system, polyurethane elastomers inonyatso tora kukanganiswa uye kudedera mumugwagwa uye kuderedza kuzununguka kwemuviri wemotokari kuburikidza nekunaka kwayo uye hunhu hwekunyudza shock. Kusimba kwakanyanya kwechinhu ichi kunoita kuti suspension system yemotokari ikwanise kupindura nekukurumidza mumamiriro akasiyana ekutyaira uye kupa ruzivo rwekutyaira rwakapfava uye rwakasununguka. Kunyanya mumamodeli emhando yepamusoro, shock absorbers inoshanda zvakanyanya inoshandisa polyurethane elastomers inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kunyaradzwa kwekufamba uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zveruzivo rwekutyaira rwemhando yepamusoro. Mumotokari dzemhando yepamusoro, mashandiro e seals anokanganisa zvakananga insulation yeruzha, insulation yekupisa uye mashandiro emvura emotokari. Mapurasitiki epolyurethane anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvisimbiso zvemasuo nemahwindo emotokari, zvikamu zveinjini uye pasi pemotokari nekuda kwekuvhara kwawo kwakanaka uye kusapindirana nemamiriro ekunze. Vagadziri vemotokari dzemhando yepamusoro vanoshandisa mapurasitiki epolyurethane sezvisimbiso zvemasuo kuti vavandudze kudzivirira ruzha rwemotokari uye kuderedza kupinda kweruzha rwekunze.