Polyurethane elastomers ikirasi yakakosha yemhando yepamusoro-inoshanda polymer zvinhu. Nekusiyana kwavo kwemuviri uye makemikari zvimiro uye yakanakisa mashandiro akazara, ivo vanotora chinzvimbo chakakosha muindasitiri yemazuva ano. Zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro, senge aerospace, mota dzepamusoro-soro, michini chaiyo, michina yemagetsi uye zvigadzirwa zvekurapa, nekuda kwekunaka kwazvo, kusimba kwekusapfeka, kusagadzikana kwekuora uye kugadzirisa kuchinjika. Nekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji uye nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwezvinodiwa zvekushanda kwezvinhu muindasitiri yekugadzira, dhizaini yemhando yepamusoro yepolyurethane elastomers yave chinhu chakakosha mukuwedzera kukosha kwekushandisa kwavo. Muindasitiri yekugadzira yepamusoro-soro, zvinodiwa zvekushanda kwezvinhu zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera kuomarara. Sechinhu chepamusoro-chinoshanda, dhizaini uye kushandiswa kwepolyurethane elastomers kunofanirwa kusangana nehunyanzvi hwekuita zviyero. Kushandiswa kwepolyurethane elastomers mukugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro kunotarisanawo nematambudziko akawanda, anosanganisira kudzora mutengo, kuita kwehunyanzvi uye kugamuchirwa kwemusika. Nekudaro, nemabhenefiti ayo ekuita, polyurethane elastomers yakaita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza mashandiro uye kukwikwidza kwezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira. Kuburikidza nekutsvagisa kwakadzama pane idzi ndima dzekushandisa, inogona kupa rutsigiro rwakasimba rwekuwedzera kugadzirisa dhizaini uye kuwedzera maapplication.

 

Yakanyanya-kuita dhizaini ye polyurethane elastomers

 

Kuumbwa kwezvinhu uye kuita zvinodiwa

Polyurethane elastomers ikirasi yezvigadzirwa zvepolymer zvine mashandiro akanaka. Izvo zvinonyanya kuumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvakakosha: polyether uye isocyanate. Kusarudzwa uye chikamu chezvikamu izvi zvine simba guru pakushanda kwezvinhu zvekupedzisira. Polyether inowanzova chikamu chikuru chakapfava che polyurethane elastomers. Chimiro chayo chemolecular ine mapoka e polyol, ayo anogona kupa kunaka kwakanaka uye kushanduka. Isocyanate, sechikamu chikuru chechikamu chakaoma, ine basa rekuita nepolyether kuti iite polyurethane maketani, kuwedzera simba uye kupfeka kusagadzikana kwezvinhu. Mhando dzakasiyana dzema polyethers uye isocyanates ane akasiyana emakemikari zvimiro uye zvemuviri zvimiro. Naizvozvo, mukugadzirwa kwepolyurethane elastomers, zvinodikanwa kusarudza zvine musoro uye kuenzanisa zvikamu izvi zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa kuti uwane zvinodikanwa zvekuita zviratidzo. Panyaya yezvinodiwa zvekushanda, polyurethane elastomers inofanirwa kuve neakawanda akakosha maitiro: kupfeka kuramba, elasticity, anti-kuchembera, etc. Kupfeka kusaga kunoreva kushanda kwenguva refu kwechinhu pasi pekukakavadzana uye kupfeka mamiriro. Kunyanya kana ichishandiswa munzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro, senge mota yekumisa masisitimu uye zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri, kupfeka kwakanaka kuramba kunogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya hupenyu hwesevhisi yechigadzirwa. Elasticity ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zve polyurethane elastomers. Iyo inosarudza kana izvo zvinyorwa zvinogona kukurumidza kudzoka kune chimiro chayo chepakutanga panguva yekuchinja uye kupora. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvisimbiso uye zvinotyisa zvinotora. Anti-kuchembera inoreva kugona kwechinyorwa kuchengetedza kushanda kwayo mushure mekushandisa kwenguva refu kana kuratidzwa kune hutsinye nharaunda (senge ultraviolet rays, unyoro, tembiricha shanduko, nezvimwewo), kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvinochengetedza kushanda kwakadzikama mumashandisirwo anoshanda.

 

Dhizaini Improvement Strategies

Iyo yepamusoro-yekuita dhizaini yepolyurethane elastomers inonetsa uye yakatetepa maitiro inoda kutariswa kwakadzama kwemaitiro akawanda ekuvandudza magadzirirwo. Iko optimization yemamorekuru chimiro inhanho yakakosha mukuvandudza kushanda kwezvinhu. Nekugadzirisa iyo molecular chain chimiro che polyurethane, senge kuwedzera dhigirii rekuyambuka, iyo mechanical simba uye kupfeka kuramba kwechinhu kunogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya. Kuwedzera kweiyo dhigirii yekuyambuka kunobvumira yakawedzera kugadzikana network dhizaini kuti iumbwe pakati pemaketani echigadzirwa, nekudaro ichiwedzera simba rayo rose uye kusimba. Semuenzaniso, nekushandisa polyisocyanate reactants kana kuunza crosslinking agents, dhigirii rekubatanidza rinogona kuwedzera zvinobudirira uye kuita kwechinyorwa kunogona kugadziridzwa. Iko optimization yechikamu chechikamu chakakosha zvakare. Chiyero che polyether uye isocyanate chinokanganisa zvakananga kusimba, kuoma uye kupfeka kuramba kwezvinhu. Kazhinji, kuwedzera chikamu cheisocyanate kunogona kuwedzera kuoma uye kupfeka kuramba kwechinhu, asi kunogona kuderedza kusimba kwayo. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kunyatso gadzirisa chiyero chezviviri zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa chaizvo zvekushandisa kuti uwane yakanakisa chiyero chekuita. Pamusoro peiyo optimization yemamorekuru chimiro uye chikamu reshiyo, kushandiswa kwezvinowedzera uye zvinosimbisa maajenti zvinewo mhedzisiro yakakura pakuita kwezvinhu. Nanomaterials, senge nano-silicon uye nano-kabhoni, inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kuita kwakazara kwe polyurethane elastomers. Nanomaterials inovandudza zvimiro zvemuchina uye kudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza kwezvinhu nekuwedzera simba razvo, kupfeka kusagadzikana uye kuramba kuchembera.

 

 

Kuvandudzwa kwegadziriro yekugadzirira

Kuvandudzwa kwegadziriro yegadziriro ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekuvandudza kushanda kwepolyurethane elastomers. Kufambira mberi kwepolymer synthesis tekinoroji kwakave nekukanganisa kukuru pakugadzirira kwepolyurethane elastomers. Nzira dzemazuva ano dzepolymer synthesis, senge reaction jekiseni molding (RIM) uye yakakwirira-kumanikidza polymerization tekinoroji, inogona kuwana yakanyatso kudzora panguva ye synthesis maitiro, nekudaro optimize mamorekuru chimiro uye kuita kwechinhu. Reaction jekiseni rekuumba tekinoroji inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kwekugadzira uye kuwana zvirinani zvinhu zvakafanana uye kuenderana panguva yekuumbwa nekukasira kusanganisa polyether uye isocyanate pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye kuvapinza muforoma. Yakakwira-kumanikidza polymerization tekinoroji inogona kuvandudza density uye kusimba kwechinhu uye kugadzirisa kwayo kupfeka kuramba uye kuramba kuchembera nekuita polymerization maitiro pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Kuvandudzwa kwekuumba uye kugadzirisa tekinoroji zvakare chinhu chakakosha mukuvandudza mashandiro e polyurethane elastomers. Tsika dzechinyakare dzinopisa dzematanho ekuumba dzakatsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma neakanyanya epamusoro jekiseni kuumba uye extrusion molding tekinoroji. Aya maitiro matsva haangogone kuvandudza kugona kwekugadzira, asi zvakare kuwana yakanyatso kudzora panguva yekuumba maitiro kuti ive nechokwadi chemhando uye kuita kwechinhu. Jekiseni molding tekinoroji inogona kuwana chaiyo kuumbwa kweakaomesesa zvimiro uye kuderedza marara emidziyo nekudziya iyo polyurethane mbishi zvinhu kusvika kune yakanyungudutswa uye nekuipinza muforoma. Extrusion molding tekinoroji inopisa uye inomanikidza iyo polyurethane zvinhu kunze kweiyo extruder, ichigadzira inoenderera zvinhu mitsetse kana machubhu kuburikidza nekutonhodza uye kusimba. Inokodzera kugadzirwa kwakakura uye kwakagadziridzwa kugadzirisa.

 

Kushandiswa kwepolyurethane elastomers mukugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro

 

Aerospace

Mundima yeaerospace, polyurethane elastomers inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvakakosha zvakawanda, sezvisimbiso uye zvinotora zvekuvhundutsa, nekuda kwekuita kwavo kwakanaka. Indasitiri yezvemuchadenga ine zvinodiwa zvakanyanya pakushanda kwezvinhu, izvo zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira kupisa kwakanyanya kwekushisa, kuneta kuramba, makemikari ekuora, kusagadzika, nezvimwewo. Kushanda kwepamusoro kwe polyurethane elastomers muzvikamu izvi kunoita kuti ive imwe yezvinhu zvakakosha mumunda wemuchadenga. Tora zvisimbiso semuenzaniso. Muhurongwa hwemafuta emotokari dzemuchadenga, zvisimbiso zvinoda kuchengetedza chisimbiso chinoshanda pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye mamiriro ekumanikidza. Iyo mafuta system yemotokari dzemuchadenga inowanzofumurwa kune tembiricha yakakwira, kudzvanywa kwakanyanya uye corrosive media. Naizvozvo, zvisimbiso hazvifanirwe kungomira kune tembiricha yakakwira, asiwo nemakemikari corrosion. Polyurethane elastomers, kunyanya high-performance polyurethanes akaporeswa patembiricha yepamusoro, ane tembiricha yakanakisa yekudzivirira uye anogona kushingirira nharaunda dzekushanda dziri pamusoro pe300°C. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo yakanakisa elasticity ye polyurethane elastomers inovagonesa kunyatso kuzadza nzvimbo dzisina kujairika uye kuve nechokwadi kugadzikana uye kuvimbika kwezvisimbiso mukushandiswa kwenguva refu. Semuenzaniso, zvisimbiso zvinoshandiswa muNASA's space shuttles uye zviteshi zvemuchadenga zvinoshandisa polyurethane elastomers, iyo inoratidza kunaka kwekuvharisa kuita uye kusimba munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa. Imwewo mashock absorbers. Mumuchadenga, zvinobata zvekuvhundutsa zvinoshandiswa kuderedza kukanganiswa kwemaitiro ekudengenyeka uye kuvhunduka pane zvakakosha zvikamu. Polyurethane elastomers inoita basa rakakosha mumashandisirwo akadai. Kusimba kwavo kwakanakisa uye kugona kunyura kwesimba kwakanaka kunoita kuti vakwanise kubhafa uye kuderedza kudedera uye kuvhunduka, nekudaro vachidzivirira chimiro uye zvemagetsi zvemuchadenga.

 

 Indasitiri yepamusoro yemotokari

Muindasitiri yemotokari yepamusoro-soro, kushandiswa kwepolyurethane elastomers kwave chinhu chakakosha mukuvandudza kuita kwemotokari uye kunyaradza. Nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanyanya kuzere, ma polyurethane elastomers anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvakakosha zvemota, zvinosanganisira shock absorption masisitimu, zvisimbiso, mukati mezvikamu, nezvimwe. Kutora mashock absorption muhurongwa hwekumisa mota dzemhando yepamusoro semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwepolyurethane elastomers kwakavandudza zvakanyanya kunyaradza kwekutyaira uye kugadzikana kwekubata kwemotokari. Muiyo suspension system, polyurethane elastomers inonyatso kunzva maitiro uye vibration mumugwagwa uye kuderedza kuzununguka kwemuviri wemotokari kuburikidza nekunaka kwayo uye nekukatyamadza absorption zvimiro. Iyo yakanakisa elasticity yechinhu ichi inovimbisa kuti iyo yekumisa mota inogona kupindura nekukurumidza pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ekutyaira uye inopa yakapfava uye yakagadzikana yekutyaira ruzivo. Kunyanya mumhando yepamusoro-yepamusoro-yepamusoro-yepamusoro-yepamusoro-inoshanda kuvhunduka inopinza vachishandisa polyurethane elastomers inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kurongeka kwekukwira uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro yekutyaira. Mumotokari dzepamusoro-soro, kushanda kwezvisimbiso kunobata zvakananga kuvharwa kwezwi, kupisa kupisa uye kushanda kwemvura yemotokari. Polyurethane elastomers anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvisimbiso zvemagonhi emotokari nemahwindo, makamuri einjini uye ngoro dzepasi nekuda kwekuvharika kwavo kwakanaka uye kuramba kwemamiriro ekunze. Vagadziri vemotokari dzepamusoro-soro vanoshandisa polyurethane elastomers sezvisimbiso zvegonhi kuti vavandudze ruzha rwemotokari uye kuderedza kupindira kwekunze kwekunze.